Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan (; 28 September 1852 – 20 February 1907) was a French chemist and pharmacist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds. Among his other contributions, Moissan discovered moissanite and contributed to the development of the electric arc furnace.
Biography
Early life and education
Moissan was born in
Paris on 28 September 1852, the son of a minor officer of the Eastern Railway Company, Francis Ferdinand Moissan, and a seamstress, Joséphine Améraldine (née Mitel).
In 1864 they moved to
Meaux, where he attended the local school. During this time, Moissan became an apprentice clockmaker. However, in 1870, Moissan and his family moved back to Paris due to war against Prussia. Moissan was unable to receive the
grade universitaire necessary to attend university. After spending a year in the army, he enrolled at the Ecole Superieure de Pharmacie de Paris.
.He was of Jewish descent and practiced the Catholic faith.
Scientific career
Moissan became a trainee in pharmacy in 1871 and in 1872 he began working for a chemist in Paris, where he was able to save a person poisoned with
arsenic. He decided to study chemistry and began first in the laboratory of Edmond Frémy at the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, and later in that of Pierre Paul Dehérain at the École Pratique des Haute Études.
Dehérain persuaded him to pursue an academic career. He passed the baccalauréat, which was necessary to study at university, in 1874 after an earlier failed attempt. He also became qualified as first-class pharmacist at the École Supérieure de Pharmacie in 1879, and received his doctoral degree there in 1880.
He soon climbed through the ranks of the School of Pharmacy, and was appointed Assistant Lecturer, Senior Demonstrator, and finally Professor of Toxicology by 1886. He took the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. The following year, he succeeded Louis Joseph Troost as Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Sorbonne.
Death
Moissan died suddenly in
Paris in February 1907, shortly after his return from receiving the Nobel Prize in
Stockholm.
His death was attributed to an acute case of
appendicitis, however, there is speculation that repeated exposure to fluorine and carbon monoxide also contributed to his death.
Awards and honors
During his extensive career, Moissan authored more than three hundred publications, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the first isolation of
fluorine, in addition to the
Prix Lucaze, the
Davy Medal, the
Hofmann Medal, and the Elliott Cresson Medal. He was elected fellow of the
Royal Society and The Chemical Society of London, served on the International Atomic Weights Committee and made a
commandeur in the Légion d'honneur.
He was elected to honorary membership of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,
[Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society FOURTH SERIES Eighth VOLUME 1894] 1892 described as Professor at the Ecole
Supérieure de Pharmacie. 7, Rue Vauguelin, Paris.
Research
Moissan published his first scientific paper, about
carbon dioxide and
oxygen metabolism in plants, with Dehérain in 1874. He left plant physiology and then turned towards inorganic chemistry; subsequently his research on
pyrophoricity iron was well received by the two most prominent French inorganic chemists of that time, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Jules Henri Debray. After Moissan received his Ph.D. on cyanogen and its reactions to form cyanures in 1880, his friend Landrine offered him a position at an analytic laboratory.
Isolation of fluorine
During the 1880s, Moissan focused on
fluorine chemistry and especially the production of fluorine itself. The existence of the element had been well known for many years, but all attempts to isolate it had failed, and some experimenters had died in the attempt.
He had no laboratory of his own, but borrowed lab space from others, including
Charles Friedel. There he had access to a strong battery consisting of 90
which made it possible to observe a gas produced by the electrolysis of molten arsenic trichloride; the gas was reabsorbed by the arsenic trichloride.
Moissan eventually succeeded in isolating fluorine in 1886 by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (KHF2) in liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF). The mixture was necessary because hydrogen fluoride is a nonconductor. The device was built with platinum-iridium electrodes in a platinum holder and the apparatus was cooled to −50 °C. The result was the complete separation of the hydrogen produced at the negative electrode from the fluorine produced at the positive one, first achieved on 26 June 1886.
Further studies
Moissan contributed to the development of the electric arc furnace, which opened several paths to developing and preparing new compounds,
and attempted to use pressure to produce synthetic diamonds
from the more common form of
carbon. He also used the furnace to synthesize the
borides and
carbides of numerous elements.
Calcium carbide was a noticeable accomplishment as this paved the way for the development of the chemistry of acetylene.
In 1893, Moissan began studying fragments of a meteorite found in
Meteor Crater near Diablo Canyon in
Arizona. In these fragments he discovered minute quantities of a new mineral and, after extensive research, Moissan concluded that this mineral was made of
silicon carbide. In 1905, this mineral was named
moissanite, in his honor. In 1903 Moissan was elected member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where he served until his death.
Footnotes
See also
Further reading
External links
